Mangnall's position as secretary was first filled by T.J. Wallworth, then by Bentley, under whom Robson worked. The Mau Mau movement of Kenya was a nationalist armed peasant revolt against the British colonial state, its policies, and its local supporters. A compromise was reached between the Football Association and the Union before the start of that season which allowed players to be Union members. [23] One possible reason for this argument is that the Mau Mau never made their goals clear; many have attempted to discover their goals through Mau Mau actions, and yet there is no solid evidence to suggest what the Mau Mau’s goals might be. In the 1950s Mau Mau rebels fighting British rule in Kenya were interned in prison camps. District councils, village committees and women's welfare committees stopped meeting. Arab merchants established trading posts on the coast during the seventh century. Meanwhile, in 1886, the club began to expand by signing players of national reputation such as Jack Powell, who became club captain, Jack and Roger Doughty, and Tom Burke. [9] In this light, a rebellion against the British settlers might be seen as inevitable. When did the Mau Mau end and what were the benefits? The Permanent Mandates Commission denied Nelson a hearing. Bentley died in September 1918, two months before the end of the war and a year before the resumption of league football. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. [22] During the reconstruction of the stadium, Manchester United played their "home" games at Maine Road, the home of Manchester City, at a cost of £5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts. The Kikuyu were the most populous ethnic group in Kenya, with what Brown calls a “flourishing society;[10] therefore, when the Mau Mau offered them an opportunity to revolt against British colonialism, the group grew rapidly. With destiny in their own hands, they beat Millwall 2–0 and stayed in the Second Division by one point, sending their South London hosts down. School Greenville Technical College; Course Title HIS 105; Type. The Colony created the pseudo-gangs, units made up of deserters and collaborators whose mission was to infiltrate as spies in the guerrilla's ranks. Published: 19th Dec 2017 in They narrowly escaped relegation in 1914–15 by one point; three of United's players were later found to have conspired with Liverpool players in fixing a United win in the match between the sides, in the 1915 British football betting scandal. Mau means ‘resolute’ or ‘resolved’ in the sense of ‘opinion’, ‘unwavering’, ‘to be decided’, or ‘testimony’; also denoting ‘firm strength’ in Samoan . Their joy was short-lived, however, as they were relegated back to the Second Division the next season. Arguably one of the most important reasons for the Mau Mau rebellion was the economic deprivation of the Kikuyu. A new manager was found, Scott Duncan, one of the new breed of managers who were retired players, now common, but an innovation in those days. • British established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895 • Considered as a settler colony – white settlers took the best land for their own and moved native groups to reserves • In 1920, it became known as the Kenya Colony • Kenya received its independence in 1963. [20] It has already been established that the Kikuyu were greatly unhappy with their social and economic position within Kenya, and so the KCA offered them an opportunity to voice their discontent and attempt to make a change through convincing the government that if their demands were not met, they would create more trouble. A woman's branch … For what were the Mau Mau significant 1 They were economic reformers who. The restrictions placed upon the Kikuyu, both economically and socially, also played a significant role in the break out of the rebellion, as the Kikuyu were made to feel alienated from their own society and repressed by white settlers. Why did the Mau Mau use violence? In Chapter 2, he examines why secondary school education took on such political and economic importance in the wake of Mau Mau and during the period of decolonization. Leakey seemed almost at a loss to understand how Mau Mau propaganda was so successful. However, despite growing unrest, the precise causes of the rebellion remain unclear. History. In 1888, having been spurned by the newly formed the Football League, Newton Heath entered their first ever league competition, becoming founder members of The Combination. The Mau Mau was a secret society confined almost entirely to the Kikuyu tribe who inhabited parts of the Central Highlands. British did not listen to them. 43, [5] Welch, C., Anatomy of Rebellion (SUNY Press, 1980) pg. 7, [18] Berman, B., and Lonsdale, J., Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa (James Currey Publishers, 1992) pp. Clough has argued that Mau Mau goals were political, and that they wanted to “drive out the white settlers and isolate African “enemies. [1] The team initially played games against other departments and rail companies at their home ground at North Road, but by 1888 the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. They managed only 10th place in the 1901 season, losing more games than they won and with ticket sales flagging and debts mounting, the club decided to hold a four-day bazaar to raise money at St James Hall, Manchester. The KCA made its aims clear to reclaim the land taken from them – and ran a campaign of civil disobedience in order to protest against the white settlers taking their land,[18] which demonstrates the unrest amongst the Kikuyu prior to the rebellion. They would stay there for 36 years; after finishing 14th the next season, World War II broke out. [5][6] Under Ernest Mangnall, who became club secretary in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which it won in 1908 – the club's first league title. It was said that when Newton Heath were losing, the plant would belch out acrid fumes in a bid to affect the visiting team. VAT Registration No: 842417633. Attendances slumped to 15,000 and the squad started to age under the leadership of J.J. Bentley. Here we take a look at this transition. Lawton as club president. Together, they came up with £2,000 to save the club. …began in 1908 with the Mau a Pule, a movement led by the orator chief Lauaki Namulau’ulu. The Football League was suspended at the outbreak of the First World War, during which Sandy Turnbull was killed in France. United finished that season fifth in the league. It became known as O le Mau a Samoa (The Firm Opinion of Samoa), or the Mau. [24] There is certainly some validity to this argument; as Clough notes, memoirs from Mau Mau meetings show that a great effort was made planning what the Mau Mau relationship should be with detained leaders, and how they would communicate with the British to get their message across,[25] demonstrating the importance of political motivations. [6] Brown has paralleled this with Serfdom, and argues that Kikuyu reliance on white settlers caused an increase in social tensions amongst the Kikuyu. Secretary Walter Crickmer was given control of the team for the next season, and was aided by chief scout Louis Rocca, largely because the club couldn't afford a new manager. In October 1927, John Henry Davies, who had saved the club from extinction and brought them to Old Trafford, died and was replaced by G.H. [15] There were also increasing tensions between the Kikuyu people themselves. After three further applications, the club joined the Football League when it merged with the Football Alliance in 1892 and Newton Heath was elected to the First Division. The title was won with a 3–2 victory at Bury, where over 31,000 fans invaded the pitch to celebrate a return to the big time. The historic Charity Shield victory in 1911 would be the end of this era and Mangnall would leave the next year for Manchester City. Relations between Samoans and New Zealanders improved somewhat, but many Samoans remained dissatisfied. One of the alleged Mau Mau leaders, Jomo Kenyatta, became the first president of the new nation. 95, [15] Harcourt, W., Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development (Zed Books, 1994) pp. In 1897, the club made the play-offs but failed to make back into the First Division. 654, [2]Coray, M., ‘The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu’ Agricultural History 52 (Jan 1978) pg. Manchester United moved to a new stadium at Old Trafford in 1910, and won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, secretary Mangnall left to join Manchester City. Following the rebellion, the British government did implement reforms. Uploaded By c1286f. The 1893–94 campaign, however, was no better, and they once again were in the play-offs against Second Division champions Liverpool. The following season, Manchester United set a record when they went 18 games undefeated after losing to Bolton 2–0 in September 1904 up until they lost to Lincoln City 3–0 in February 1905. The team initially played games against other departments and rail companies at their home ground at North Road, but by 1888 the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football … *You can also browse our support articles here >. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! The book and the adapted film The Cross and the Switchblade and biography Run Baby Run document the life of its most famous leader Nicky Cruz. Scott Duncan resigned, and Crickmer resumed the manager's chair. After the governor called in warships, Lauaki and nine of his leading…. He was approached by a Manchester sportswriter, Stacey Lintott. They won 15 league games, notched up 38 points, and finished fifth. Looking for a flexible role? A new manager, Herbert Bamlett was installed, but the club never finished higher than 12th in 1929 and finally finishing bottom of the First Division in 1931 after starting the season losing twelve times in a row. Why was there no real economic warfare, no disruption of transportation and communication? Without Mangnall, the club stumbled to 13th place in 1912. [21] Football continued to be played at the stadium, but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas Day fixture against Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport's ground. As a Republic, it was designed to protect the liberty and the freedom of the American citizenry. THE MAU MAU – AFRICAN INSURRECTION - The Most Evil Secret Societies in History - by Shelley Klein Books Read ... it is believed that the group was first established some time between 1947 and 1952 with one aim in mind: to free Kenya from colonialism at any cost. Their slogan, Samoa Mo Samoa (Samoa for Samoans) dreamed of a Samoa without New Zealand occupation. After five years in the Second Division, they finished champions in 1936 after being unbeaten in the last 19 games of the season and were promoted back to the First Division. [5] However, regardless of whether or not it contributed greatly to the break out of the Mau Mau rebellion, there is little doubt that the unrest caused by economic deprivation had an impact on the Kikuyu, and trough this contributed to the Mau Mau rebellion. [19] The growth in membership of the KCA can be accounted for in the popular demands it made; for example, higher wages and the right to grow coffee again. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. [4] Despite these factors, it has been argued that economic deprivation was not of particular importance in relation to why the Mau Mau rebellion broke out. The KCA also made radical demands, for example the return of their land, in hope of returning to their economic position prior to colonial rule. All work is written to order. LYR stood for "Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway" and was used to distinguish the team from their colleagues from the Motive Power Division, who were known as Newton Heath Loco. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[7] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. He is also credited to start an array of developmental activities in the city including new Railway … In their final season in the Football Alliance, the club finished second to Nottingham Forest, who joined them in the First Division. However, the social conditions of the Kikuyu cannot be ignored when attempting to address the main reasons for the break out of the Mau Mau rebellion. The club is financially in a bad way. He met with the board and offered to help on condition that he became chairman and could choose his directors. However, as Lonsdale has pointed out, despite internal divisions, the Mau Mau were bound to each other by hopes of citizenship and bureaucracy,[27] and therefore perhaps the broadness of such a goal benefitted the Mau Mau rather than causing a failed uprising. The Samoan Guardian was established to promote direct opposition to pro-government newspapers. — Quarante ans après que les autorités britanniques du Kenya aient proclamé l'état d'urgence pour écraser les Mau Mau, les réponses concluantes sur la nature de ce qu'avait été ce mouvement restent à venir. Despite migrating to the cities, which one might consider puts the Kikuyu at an economic advantage, the Kikuyu were in fact disadvantaged when considering their prosperous position prior to colonial administration; coffee growing in particular was a rewarding industry due to the fertile land held by the Kikuyu, and so the prohibition of coffee growing imposed by the colonial government crippled the Kikuyu. (1969–1986), History of Manchester United F.C. People started finding out why we didn’t have water. Mau means “opinion” or “testimony” in Samoan. Coconuts were left to rot rather than be made into copra, and banana plantations were neglected. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Manchester United Football Club was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. No plagiarism, guaranteed! In 1908, John Henry Davies once again gave financial aid by lending £60,000, a huge sum at the time, to finalise the team's move to a new stadium at Old Trafford. The next season saw an improvement with the side winning ten out of eleven games during October and November 1934. As a result to these poor living conditions, there was a huge increase in the number of Kikuyu migrating to the cities; leading to poverty, unemployment and overpopulation. For what were the mau mau significant 1 they were. Where did the citizens go during the Mau Mau? Ernest Mangnall managed to sign star defender Herbert Burgess, Alec "Sandy" Turnbull, and Jimmy Bannister after a scandal hit Manchester City and forced them to sell off most of their team. That year Nelson presented a petition to the League of Nations in Geneva that outlined Samoan objections to New Zealand's administration. They first sought permission from the established Chaplains, another gang, to set up a Puerto Rican gang in Brooklyn. Consequently, the growth of the KCA reflects the growing tensions amongst the Kikuyu which led to the Mau Mau rebellion of 1952. In 1934, United reached their lowest ever league position. The Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960), ... squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters comprising the majority of agricultural workers on settler plantations. United finally returned to the top flight under John Chapman in 1925, finishing second to Leicester City. On 9 January 1902, Club President William Healey applied to the court for a winding-up order against the club, claiming he was owed £242 17s. The matai were dissatisfied with the German governor’s attempts to change the fa’a Samoa and centralize all authority in his hands. Although now £70,000 in debt, United picked themselves up and finished runners-up in 1938, returning to the First Division, with future stars such as Johnny Carey, Jack Rowley and Stan Pearson. [4] As a mark of this fresh start, on 24 April 1902, the club's name was changed to "Manchester United". The next year, FA Cup success would follow as they beat Bristol City in the final 1–0. The vast growth of the Kikuyu Central Association also accounts for the break out of the Mau Mau rebellion in 1952. Mau leadership came under the country's chiefly elite. [11] During the 1882–83 season, the team played a total of 26 recorded friendly matches, and the following season competed in the Lancashire Cup but lost 7–2 in the first round to the reserve team of Blackburn Olympic. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. In this sense, it can be concluded that there was not just one cause of the Mau Mau rebellion, but a vast amount of varying causes encompassing economic, social and political tensions. [21] Despite these protests, the KCA was largely ignored by the colonial government, thus furthering tensions between the two. They also changed the team's colours to red and white. Mau Mau forest armies were largely broken by 1957 and in 1960 the emergency was declared over. They even attempted to sign Australian rugby footballer, Dally Messenger, a man recognised by some to be the top footballer of any code in his day. British intelligence on the Mau Mau also improved with the introduction of … Manchester United Football Club was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. The response of the colonial administration was a fierce crackdown on the rebels, resulting in many deaths. [8], In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Gibson. [15] In April 1889, The Combination hit financial difficulties and was wound up before the season could be completed.[16]. The Mau was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the first half of the 20th century. Newton Heath were revived in time to play their next fixture on Saturday 18 January 1902.[18]. The Players Union is today the Professional Footballers' Association. White settlers saw the Kikuyu as agricultural competition, thus explaining why such heavy restrictions were placed upon them. Résumé Le mythe mau mau : le discours politique kenyan à la recherche de la démocratie. They played their first game there on 19 February 1910 as Liverpool spoiled the celebrations with a 4–3 win in a close game. Another financial bailout was needed. Grinker, R., Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture, history and representation (Wiley-Blackwell 1997), Shaw, C., Colonial Inscriptions: Race, Sex and Class in Kenya (University of Minnesota Press, 1995), Welch, C., Anatomy of Rebellion (SUNY Press, 1980), Mwakikagile, G., Africa and the West (Nova Publishers, 2000), Harcourt, W., Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development (Zed Books, 1994), Furedi, F., The Mau Mau War in Perspective (James Currey Publisers, 1989), Berman, B., and Lonsdale, J., Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa (James Currey Publishers, 1992), Lonsdale, J., ‘Foreword’ in Kershaw, G., Mau Mau from Below (Ohio University Press, 1997), Clough, M., Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory and Politics (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), Odhiambo, E., and Lonsdale, J., Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration (Ohio University Press, 2003), Kenya Information Sheet (Accessed 21st November), Eric W. Brown The Early Days of the Mau Mau Insurrection , Jens Finke, ‘Kikuyu Colonial History’ (Accessed December 2nd 2009), Coray, M., ‘The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu’ Agricultural History 52 (Jan 1978), [1]Grinker, R., Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture, history and representation (Wiley-Blackwell 1997) pg.
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