"[19], In the 1920s, the historian Charles A. Often, particularly with Southern armies, corps were more commonly known by the name of the leader (Hardee's Corps, Polk's Corps). Without citation, they have not been guaranteed to have happened. 2 George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. He won numerous battles against far superior Union armies including the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Chancellorsville. [citation needed]. Several names also exist for the forces on each side; the opposing forces named battles differently as well. English-language historians[8][9][10] outside the United States usually refer to the conflict as the "American Civil War". However, the fourth volume is titled Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861, and the next four volumes use "War" in their titles. Robert Gould Shaw (1837 – 1863) Shaw was a colonel in the Union Army. Posted By Brian Tomlin on June 18, 2012 . He was born on December 4, 1844, and enlisted in the Confederate 2nd Louisiana Infantry in May 1861 when he was 16. Corps were usually written out (First Army Corps or simply First Corps), but a postwar convention developed to designate Union corps by using Roman numerals (XI Corps). "[7] European diplomacy produced a similar formula for avoiding the phrase "civil war." It’s fitting that she almost shares her name with the great American tree, now almost entirely lost to blight. See list of ongoing military conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope. [23][24] The name has been criticized by historians such as James M. McPherson,[25] as the Confederacy "took the initiative by seceding in defiance of an election of a president by a constitutional majority"[25] and "started the war by firing on the American flag. Jan 13, 2021 - Women who made a difference during the Civil War Era of American History. However, for some battles, the Southern name has become the standard. Some, like Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman are household names. The gelding was originally bought for Jackson’s wife, but was needed by Jackson throughout the war. Figures identified with the Nationalist side Military. Only ongoing conflicts meeting the definition of a civil war are listed. Beard used the term "Second American Revolution" to emphasize the changes brought on by the Union's victory. Congress has never adopted an official name for the war. People Yes, there are Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and the other obvious heroes of the Civil War. The Union forces frequently named battles for bodies of water or other natural features that were prominent on or near the battlefield, but Confederates most often used the name of the nearest town or artificial landmark. Part 1 looked at the most popular men’s names of U.S. men born during the period 1811-1850, the broad period that made up the vast majority of Civil War Soldiers. The sixth volume, War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863, picks up on that earlier thread in naming the conflict, but Nevins neither viewed Southern secession as revolutionary nor supported Southern apologist attempts to link the war with the American Revolution of 1775–1783. Coski, John M., "The War between the Names". He commanded the first all-black regiment The 54th Massachusetts.) The historian Shelby Foote explained that many Northerners were urban and regarded bodies of water as noteworthy, but many Southerners were rural and regarded towns as noteworthy. Ordeal of the Union a major eight-volume history published from 1947 to 1971 by the historian and journalist (Joseph) Allan Nevins, emphasizes the Union in the first volume's title, which also came to name the series. Martin, William T. Brigadier General rank, nom: December 2, 1862 conf: April 22, 1863 Major General rank: November 10, 1863 nom: November 12, 1863 conf: January 25, 1864 Captain, Mississippi Cavalry, July 8, 1861. [29], Conversely, the "War of Southern Aggression" has been used by those who maintain that the Confederacy was the belligerent party. [17] That terminology aims to parallel usage of the American Revolutionary War. By the time the Civil War began in 1861, Frederick Douglass was one of the most famous Black men in the United States—a prominent … List of Sites. The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the Civil War as "the four-year War Between the States. In most East Asian languages, the war is called "Battle between North and South of the United States" or, more commonly, as "American (U.S.) North–South War", depending on the individual language. The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC. [15], "War of Separation" was occasionally used by people in the Confederacy during the war. [2], Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power).[3]. Becoming close to Union soldiers in her father’… The records were compiled by the US War Department in a 127-volume collection, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, which was published from 1881 to 1901. There is a disparity between the sides in naming some of the battles of the war. This is a list of American Civil War units, consisting of those established as federally organized units as well as units raised by individual states and territories. used as a strict synonym of the generic term "internecine war"), creating terminological overlap with insurgencies or coups d'état. In modern geopolitics since 1945, "civil war" is also used in a loose sense to refer to any large scale military conflict within a single country (i.e. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1005044780, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 1 Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. [25][30][31], Other names for the conflict include "The Confederate War," "Buchanan's War," "Mr. Lincoln's War," and "Mr. Davis's War. One famous horse was “Stonewall” Jackson’s Little Sorrel. "[25], Since the free states, most non-Yankee groups (Germans, Dutch-Americans, New York Irish and southern-leaning settlers in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois) showed opposition to waging the Civil War,[26] other Confederate sympathizers have used the name "War of Yankee Aggression"[27] or "Great War of Yankee Aggression"[28] to indicate the Civil War as a Yankee war, not a Northern war per se. The following is a list of civil wars, fought between organized groups within the same state or country. The portrait of Confederate Private Edwin Francis Jemison is one of the most famous photographs of the Civil War. The Revolution of 1860 has been initiated. ), but Confederate brigades were frequently named after their commanding general (Hood's Brigade, Gordon's Brigade). This is a list of named horses and the senior Union and Confederate officers who rode them during the American Civil War. This is a list of notable people associated with the Spanish Civil War. The list of American Civil War (Civil War) generals has been divided into five articles: an introduction on this page, a list of Union Army generals, a list of Union brevet generals, a list of Confederate Army generals and a list of prominent acting Confederate States Army generals, which includes officers appointed to duty by E. Kirby Smith, officers whose appointments were … Women In The Civil War summary: There were many women playing important roles in the Civil War, including nurses, spies, soldiers, abolitionists, civil rights advocates and promoters of women’s suffrage.Most women were engaged in supplying the troops with food, clothing, medical supplies, and even money through fundraising. Because Nevins earned the Bancroft, Scribner, and National Book Award Prizes for books in his Ordeal of the Union series, his title may have been influential. Civil War Battles summary: The Civil War consisted of nearly 10,500 battles, engagements, and other military actions including nearly 50 major battles and about 100 others that had major significance. [citation needed] Abraham Lincoln used it on multiple occasions. Central and Eastern Europe: Sezessionskrieg is commonly used in German language, and Wojna secesyjna is used in Polish[citation needed] (Walt Whitman calls it the "War of Secession" or the "Secession War" in his prose.). See more ideas about civil war era, american civil war, american history. Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation. Winfield Scott Hancock Union brigades were given numeric designations (1st, 2nd, etc. The "War for Southern Independence," the "Second American Revolution," and their variations are names used by some Southerners to refer to the war. Wade. In 1994, the US Postal Service issued a series of commemorative stamps, "The Civil War: The War Between the States". [2] Writings of prominent men such as Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee,[3] Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, P.G.T. [42] Examples of battles with dual names are shown in the table. The terms "intrastate war", "internecine war" and "domestic war" are often used interchangeably with "civil war", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil forces. In the early 20th century, the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) led a campaign to promote the term "War Between the States" in the media and public schools. However, not all of the disparities are based on those naming conventions. [21][22] The name arose in the 1950s, during the Jim Crow era, when it was coined by segregationists who tried to equate contemporary efforts to end segregation with 19th-century efforts to abolish slavery. Many states had soldiers and units fighting for both the United States and the Confederate States (Confederate States Army).The border states had both Confederate and Union units, and in … Summary List of Famous Civil War Generals & Commanders during the American Civil War There were hundreds of generals commissioned in the American Civil War on both the Union and Confederate armies. Many generals’ horses became famous figures after the battles of the Civil War for their speed, courage, stamina and other qualities. The Union forces frequently named battles for bodies of water that were prominent on or near the battlefield, but Confederates most often used the name of the nearest town. Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the late years (1864–65) of the American Civil War, and 18th president of the United States (1869–77). CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Second American Civil War#1861–1865 war as Second American Civil War, http://www.historyofwar.org/sources/acw/lee_letters/chapter04f.html, North Carolina War Between the States 150 years, The History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, Rep. Paul Broun Compares Health Care Reform To ‘The Great War Of Yankee Aggression’, Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms, An American glossary: being an attempt to illustrate certain Americanisms upon historical principles, An Unspeakable Crime: The Prosecution and Persecution of Leo Frank, "Civil War Records: A War by Any Other Name", Declaration of Causes of the Seceding States, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. Battles rated by CWSAC. Units smaller than armies were named differently in many cases. The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in American history, turning brother against brother and devastating large regions of the country. Confederate brigades so named retained the name of the original commander even when they were commanded temporarily by another man; for example, at the Battle of Gettysburg, Hoke's Brigade was commanded by Isaac Avery and Nicholl's Brigade by Jesse Williams. One of the first ever conflicts of the Cold War, fought for 3 years from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army backed by the United Kingdom and the United States against the Democracy Army of Greece (DSE) backed by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania; the war is often used to represent the first example of postwar British and American involvement in internal politics of a foreign county. During the Civil War — the bloodiest war ever waged by the United States — a number of important people rose to prominence, both on and off the battlefield. This index was a joint project of the U.S. National Park Service, the Federation of Genealogical Societies (FGS), and the Genealogical Society of Utah (GSU). For example, to mark the war's centenary in the 1960s, the State of Georgia created the "Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Commemorating the War Between the States." The best examples bring this fascinating period of history to life and illuminate the many ways in which the war changed the … Today we will look a the most popular men’s names of U.S. men born during the period 1811-1850, the broad period that made up the vast majority of Civil War Soldiers. Such variations are also used in the United States if the war might otherwise be confused with another historical event such as the English Civil War, the Russian Civil War, or the Spanish Civil War. Beauregard, Nathan Bedford Forrest, and Judah P. Benjamin used the term "Civil War" during the conflict. In the United States, "Civil War" is the most common term for the conflict and has been used by the overwhelming majority of reference books, scholarly journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, popular histories, and mass media in the United States since the early 20th century. … Some generals had several favorite horses during war. The term is still used by the Sons of Confederate Veterans organization but with the intent to represent the Confederacy's cause positively. See incomplete appointments section in List of American Civil War Generals (Acting Confederate). The most common name for the American Civil War in modern American usage is simply the "Civil War". Again, they were often simply referred to by their commander's name (Moody's Battery, Parker's Battery). Queen Victoria's proclamation of British neutrality referred to "hostilities... between the Government of the United States of America and certain States styling themselves the Confederate States of America."[7]. The terms "intrastate war", "internecine war" and "domestic war" are often used interchangeably with "civil war", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil forces. Nicknames were common in both armies, such as the Iron Brigade and the Stonewall Brigade. 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[13] Their usage demonstrates the generality of the term's use. A few of the key players such as Lee, Grant, and Sherman, are mentioned here with the names of their most popular horses. The term resurfaced slightly in the late 20th century. Allen Nevins and Milton … [1] The National Park Service, the government organization entrusted by the US Congress to preserve the battlefields of the war, uses this term. Historians commonly refer to the collection as the Official Records. Some, like Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, George Mclellan and Joshua Chamberlain are … He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. "[32][33][34] In 1892, a D.C. society of war-era nurses took on the name National Association of Army Nurses of the Late War. [citation needed], The Latin term bellum civile was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A.D. Roosevelt was born and raised in New York State, and Blackmun was born in southern Illinois but grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. "Freedom War" is used to celebrate the war's effect of ending slavery. During and immediately after the war, US officials, Southern Unionists, and pro-Union writers often referred to Confederates as "Rebels." The name "War of Northern Aggression" has been used to indicate the Union as the belligerent party in the war. As a result, many battles have two or more names that have had varying use, but with some notable exceptions, one name has eventually tended to take precedence. A popular poem published in the early stages of hostilities was South Carolina. James Lane was one of the most famous members of the “Jayhawkers,” a group of pro-Union partisans who operated in Kansas before and during the Civil War. 26. Killed in action at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, Shaw commanded respect with Black Americans, and he encouraged many others to join the Union Army.Belle Boyd (1844 – 1900) Bell Boyd was a Confederate spy. The English term civil war was first used in 1651 to refer to the English Civil War. Her position as a Washington, D.C., socialite, with friends in many high places, including politicians and military personnel, made her quite equipped for her new role as … Horses played a critical role during the American Civil War, especially for the generals sitting on them. Horse Officer Notes Ajax: Robert E. Lee: Ajax was reportedly too large for Lee to ride comfortably and was therefore used infrequently Aldebaron: Philip Sheridan: Sheridan's first horse Almond Eye: The names "Civil War" and "War Between the States" have been used jointly in some formal contexts. Names used to refer to the American Civil War, War for Southern Independence/Second American Revolution. [20], Some Southern Unionists and northerners used "The War for the Union," the title of a December 1861 lecture by the abolitionist leader Wendell Phillips. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a civil war. They maintain the assertion that the Confederacy started the war by initiating combat at Fort Sumter. … The following is a list of civil wars, fought between organized groups within the same state or country. Famous Horses of the Civil War Many a fighting man had one or more favorite mounts, entitled to bountiful corn and fodder, careful grooming, and a name of its own. Mark Twain: Long before he became a famous author, Mark Twain served a … In the United States, "Civil War" is the most common term for the conflict and has been used by the overwhelming majority of reference books, scholarly journals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, popular histories, and mass media in the United States since the early 20th century. The National Park Service, the government organization entrusted by the US Congress to preserve the battlefields of the war, uses this term. Summary List of Famous Confederate Civil War Generals during the American Civil War There were many important confederate generals and commanders during the American Civil War. This is the first part of a three part study of that question. "[12] References to the "War Between the States" appear occasionally in federal and state court documents, including in Justice Harry Blackmun's landmark opinion in Roe v. The following civil wars are ongoing as of April 2020. One clause in the surrender terms at Appomattox in 1865 puzzled some people: every Confederate cavalryman was entitled to take his horse home with him. Notes. UDC efforts to convince the US Congress to adopt the term began in 1913 but were unsuccessful. The most famous Confederate diarist of the war, Chestnut recounted the South’s failing fortunes with pitiless wit. He also encouraged his troops to seek equal pay with white soldiers. But there are also many names you may never have heard of. Although rarely used during the war, the term "War Between the States" became widespread afterward in the Southern United States. Civil War armies were also named in a manner reminiscent of the battlefields since Northern armies were frequently named for major rivers (Army of the Potomac, Army of the Tennessee, Army of the Mississippi), and Southern armies for states or geographic regions (Army of Northern Virginia, Army of Tennessee, Army of Mississippi). The most famous Confederate general of the war is Robert E. Lee. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a civil war. Rose O’Neal Greenhow was a Confederate spy and one of the most well-known female spies in the Civil War. The name was personally ordered by Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps. [4][5][6] In 1862, the US Supreme Court used the terms "the present civil war between the United States and the so called Confederate States" and "the civil war such as that now waged between the Northern and Southern States."[7]. Some, like Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Nathan Bedford Forrest are household names. In general, naming conventions were determined by the victor of the battle. Index of soldiers who served in the Civil War, 1861-1865 culled from 6.3 million soldier records in the General Index Cards to the Compiled Military Service Records in the National Archives. Two books that discuss the Civil War draft in the North are: Eugene C. Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 1862-1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System1967); and Eugene C. Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North1971). 1 12 Stat. [1] The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of 'Roman citizen'. Its prologue referred to the war as the "Third War for Independence" since it named the War of 1812 as the second such war. In several European languages, the war is called "War of Secession". This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts that fulfil the definition set by this article: civil. The earliest histories published in the northern states commonly refer to the war as "the Great Rebellion" or "the War of the Rebellion,"[14] as do many war monuments, hence the nicknames Johnny Reb (and Billy Yank) for the participants. [citation needed]. Many modern accounts of Civil War battles use the names established by the North. No wonder, then, that the war has been the subject of so many dramatic films and documentaries. [16] In most Romance languages, the words used to refer to the war translate literally to "War of Secession" (French: Guerre de Sécession, Italian: Guerra di secessione, Spanish: Guerra de Secesión, Portuguese: Guerra de Secessão, Romanian: Războiul de Secesiune), a name that is also used in [18] On November 8, 1860, the Charleston Mercury, a contemporary southern newspaper, stated, "The tea has been thrown overboard. The term "War Between the States" was rarely used during the war but became prevalent afterward among proponents of the "Lost Cause" interpretation of the war. Below are 10 African-American heroes of the Civil War. The name "War Between the States" is inscribed on the USMC War Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. What were the most popular given names during the Civil War period? 10 Andre Cailloux Andre Cailloux was born a slave in 1825 but was freed in 1846. "[37][38] Other postwar names in the South included "The War of the Sections" and "The Brothers' War," especially in the border states.[39]. The following are some famous and/or notable people who served as Civil War soldiers:. The engagements were fought in 23 different states and resulted in a total … The remainder were skirmishes, reconnaissances, naval engagements, sieges, bombardments, etc. [35] More euphemistic terms are "The Late Unpleasantness"[36] and "The Recent Unpleasantness. The National Park Service occasionally uses the Southern names for its battlefield parks located in the South, such as Manassas and Shiloh. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used the terms "War of the Rebellion" and "Great Rebellion", and the Confederate term was "War for Southern Independence", which regained some currency in the 20th century but has again fallen out of use. Writings of prominent men such as Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysse… Since so many people fought in the Civil War, it is inevitable that some of them would later go on to become famous, or possibly infamous, in some way either for their actions during the war or after.. See titles listed in Oscar Handlin et al.. Murray, Williamson and Wei-siang Hsieh, Wayne; Richard Hopwood Thornton, American Dialect Society. Jackson’s Little Sorrel. Wittichen, Mrs. Murray Forbes, "Let's Say 'War Between the States'", Florida Division, This page was last edited on 5 February 2021, at 18:21. There were many important Union generals during the American Civil War. He quickly became a leader within the free Afro-French community of New Orleans. Union artillery batteries were generally named numerically and Confederate batteries by the name of the town or county in which they were recruited (Fluvanna Artillery). The official US war records refer to the war as the "War of the Rebellion." If anything, his choice of the term in regard to the Civil War has more to do with the Industrial Revolution and its profound effects. I … After the war, the memoirs of former Confederate officials and veterans (Joseph E. Johnston, Raphael Semmes, and especially Alexander Stephens) commonly used the term "War Between the States." Also in the 20th century, the term "War of Northern Aggression" developed under the Lost Cause of the Confederacy movement by Southern history revisionists, with attempts to reimagine the American Civil War narrative negatively and to preserve Confederate legacy. In 1898, the United Confederate Veterans formally endorsed the name. While popular on the Confederate side during the war (Stonewall Jackson regularly referred to the war as the "second war for independence"), the term lost popularity in the immediate aftermath of the Confederacy's defeat and its failure to gain independence. In 1993, the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) reported to Congress and the ABPP on their extensive analysis of significant battles and battlefields. From famous politicians to everyday citizens, people from all walks of life played important, sometimes revolutionary, roles during the war. [41] That caused many battles to have two widely-used names. Civil War Era National Cemeteries: Honoring Those Who Served. Alabama Mobile National Cemetery, Mobile: Arkansas Fayetteville National Cemetery, Fayetteville Fort Smith National Cemetery, Fort Smith Little Rock National Cemetery, Little Rock: California Doctors in blue: the medical history of the Union Army in the Civil War by George Washington Adams Call Number: Tompkins-McCaw Library Special Collections and Archives - Reference E621 .A3 1985 An Alphabetical list of the battles of the War of the Rebellion and a Roste of all the Regimental Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons... by J. W. Wells [11], The Confederate government avoided the term "civil war," which assumes both combatants to be part of a single country, and so referred to it in official documents as the "War between the Confederate States of America and the United States of America. L. 733.