Note, these documents are found on the resources page. Observing the rules of Tajweed in reciting protects the reciter from making mistakes in reciting the Qur’an. May you benefit from it, and may it help you in your Quranic journey. Learn to Recite the Quran with Tajweed | Advanced Tajweed Rules. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Learning Quran online In UK, US, Canada &Australia. Reading the first with a sukoon (jazam) and the second one with a harkat. when (ر) Raa has zair sighn so (ر) Raa will become light, There are six (6) Throatel Letters Moreover, any advanced tajweed rule could be easily . Tajweed Rules, Learn Tajweed rules online in English, Urdu and Arabic. Rule one: Idghaam Shafawee (Lip … Tajweed rules means to recite every letter of the Quran correctly from its makhraj with all of its qualities. All Rights Reserved By equranonlineschool.com. About Tajweed - Qur'an Tajweed. After completing the advanced tajweed course, you are admitted to the next level. Knowledge of tajweed makes the Qari (reader of … Throughout the course students are given lots of opportunities to practise the rules and recite the Quran with natural style. Without Ghunnah this MEEM SAAKIN is known as IZHAAR-E-SHAFWEE. Can you guess why it’s classed as a madd? A letter which has a jazam will be joined with the letter which is before it. Makhraj is one of the Basis of Tajweed, which the rest of the rules and systems rely on Using Makhraj means having the correct position of the organs of speech in order to produce a letter so that it can be … Alhamdulillah you've found this site in your search of knowledge. After MEEM SAAKIN there appears any latter besides MEEM and BAA MEEM SAAKIN will be pronounced with IZHAAR. 2: Zbur revealed on prophet Dawood The applied course of Tajweed is the practical phase of the Tajweed Rules. To be more specific: within a word, you notice a yaa that has a shaddah, and a kasra, this generally looks like this: then you notice that after this yaa is another one, which has sukoon on it. Tajweed Rules of the Qur'an In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Every single Muslim has to recite Qur'an in Salah but many of us do not realize that reciting the Qur'an correctly, observing the rules of recitation (tajweed) is not an advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon … aysaraqwal-tuhfatul-atfal. The Symbol like the ‘English comma’ written upside down, on top of a letter is called inverted Damah (UltaaPaish). these letters are pronounced with a heavy and strong voice, (ر) Raa has 2 Options. This course will further help students to improve their recitation by applying the already learned rules through practicing on selected Surahs and then learning further advanced rules of Tajweed The students learning Tajweed are exposed to a … MEEM SAAKIN is the latter MEEM with a jazm, there are following 3 rules regarding MEEM SAAKIN. To recite the Quran with tajweed and its rule is a sunnah and from the etiquettes of reciting the Quran. wow leen and yaa leen. 1 Bottom of the Throat: Haa’ ( هـ ), pronounced “hh” and Hamzah ( ء ), 2 middle of throat: Haa’ ( ح ), pronounced “hh“ and ‘Ayn ( ع ), pronounced ” ‘a “, 3 top of the throat: Gyan ( غ ), pronounced “GH” and Gyan ( غ ), pronounced “gh”. Preventing two Saakins: Man’ Iltiqaa’ Al-Saakinayn. total number of almost 200 rules. Students should have some prior knowledge on beautification of the voice. FREQUENCY Once a Week Only. I hope it wasn’t too complicated to repel you away from the upcoming tajweed rule! Yet, I thought I should post it here so that you can all be more aware that such a rule exists. when continuing: wa qaala-l-hamdu lillahi ( و قالَ الحمد لله ), when stopping: wa qaalaa .. alhamdu lillahi ( و قالا .. الحمد لله ), when continuing: ghayra muhilli-s–saydi ( غير محلِّ الصيد ), when stopping: ghayra muhillee .. as–saydi ( غير محلّي .. الصيد ), when continuing: aamanu-t-taqu-llaha ( ءامننُ اتقواْ لله ), when stopping: aamanoo .. ittaqu-llaha ( ءامنو .. اتقواْ لله ). , – Short vowels [Gateway To Arabic: page 23, 24], – Long vowels [Gateway To Arabic: page 45, 46], – Read more about rules of stopping [Tajweed Basics: Foundations and More: page 15]. Tajweed-ul-Quran Level 3. Advanced teaching Tajweed for kids methods. Tajweed is the science which studies how to recite Quranic alphabets while reading Quran from their points of articulation with their rights and dues keeping in mind the contextual rules. They are considered to be saakin, and hence why this rule exists. Title: Simple Rules of Tajweed Published by: Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) Ta’limi Board 4 Third Avenue P.O.Box 26024 Isipingo Beach 4115 South Africa Tel: +27-31 912 2172 Fax: +27-31 902 9268 E-mail: info@talimiboardkzn.org Website: www.talimiboardkzn.org Skype: talimiboard First edition: Zul Hijjah 1423 /February 2003 Second edition: Ramadhaan 1429 / September 2008 NOTE: if you are new to the website, please click here for a brief guide. Skip to content. It has to do with the rules governing pronunciation, covering Arabic linguistic guidelines. 2. It is permissible to read the Qur'an from memory without wudhu (without touching it) 3. When any Qalkal Letter is sakin then such, MuteSakin Letter should be recited with repeated voice. It may be bold or light. In replacement of the madd letter, its respective diacritic takes places (kasrah for yaa, fat-ha for alif, dammah for waaw). Advanced teaching Tajweed for Adults methods Our Tajweed courses online are suitable for adults. Found where quoted: “Finally, I want to give an ex..”, That’s all for this post. Aameen! To Make a Wadu/Perform ablution first because Allah loves those who clean themselves. double zabbar sound is like (aan) when (ر) Raa has zabbar and paish sigh so (ر) Raa will be bold DURATION 18 Months. The rule states: if a word ending with a madd letter precedes a word which starts with a sukoon, the madd letter is dropped so as to avoid/prevent two saakins from meeting; this of course only applies when continuing recitation. 3:Yaa Maddah, There are two (2) leen letters. Learn Tajweed Rules & Grammar to Enjoy your Recitation Advanced Arabic Language & Grammar A Course to Help you Learn the Advanced Tajweed & Grammar Rules in English STARTING January 17th, 2021 | Sunday DAY Only Sundays. Also, the hamzatul wasl post contained a brief mention of this rule. Al-Madd Al-Tamkeen [1]: occurs when a yaa mushaddadah with a kasr is followed by a yaa saakinah. If you could take a moment to donate kindly, your donation will help maintain this site and keep it here on the web for many more years to come inshaAllah. This program is designed for students who wish to take on a practical and theoretical approach to the basics of Tajweed and Qiraa’ah. Hamzatul Wasl meets Hamzatul Qat’ When the hamzatul qat’ is preceded by a hamzatul wasl, there are two rulings. Sifaat-ul-Huruf. Our Tajweed courses online are suitable for children who are of ages 5 and up. It took a while to understand the reasoning behind it. Everyday low … the classes are live via skype. Learning the rules of tajweed is sufficient for a few which means if If Jazam is on wow or on any other letter jazam will be read an that letter will be silent. Before the Recitation of the Holy Quran it is necessary to say: أَعـوذُ بِاللهِ مِنَ الشَّيْـطانِ الرَّجيـم, There are seven (7) Bold letters May Allah accept and multiply your reward. Assalam o Alikum 1: Torah or Torat revealed on Prophet Musa After years of development and experience, we have created a comprehensive learning program that will bring you the best Quran teaching classes for kids. Tajweed. The Maddah Letters have to be prolonged for the duration of one Alif and the duration of one Alif is three seconds. A standing Kasrah is stretched like a Yaa Maddah. TIMINGS 10:00am – 12:00pm New York Time. TAJWEEDFORBEGINNERS TABLEOFCONTENTS Definition,PurposeandBenefitofTajweed 1 2.Major,Minorerrors 2 RulesofIsti'aazhahandBismillah 4 [4.TheArabicalphabet * 8 5.Makhaarij 9 6.TheTeeth 11 1.Sifaat 16 8.Sifaat-Mutadhaaddah; 17 9.Sifaat-GhairMutadhaaddah 22 Termstoknow 24 1.Sifaat-e-Aaridhah 25.2.RulesofAlif 27 3.RulesofLaam 28 4.RulesofRaa 29 … Almighty Allah Says in the Holy Quran that:: “Recite the Holy Quran slowly and making the letters clear”. The importance of tajweed can't be denied as reciting the Quran without
tajweed will not only effect the beauty of the Quran but sometimes it can change the meaning of the Quran. The rule states: if a word ending with a madd letter precedes a word which starts with a sukoon, the madd letter is dropped so as to avoid/prevent two saakin s from meeting; this of course only applies when continuing recitation. This course entails the advance rules of tajweed and for students who have completed Tajweed level 2 course or equivalent. causing a ringing sound , called ghunnah. Look up the shaddah and sukoon on the resources page by following the link below. Every single Muslim has to recite Qur'an in Salah but many of us do not realize that reciting the Qur'an correctly, observing the rules of recitation (tajweed) is not an advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon each and every one of us whenever we recite the Qur'an. What is Tajweed? Read . Let’s observe some of the tajweed rules involved with this hamzah. This letter is read twice with one movement of the tongue. Level Three Tajweed Rules Quiz wow leen. Learn Quran online with us any where in the world via Skype. We are a team of Muslims who are working to spread the message of the Quran (and the Sunnah). Beautify the Holy Quran with your voices, definitely beautiful voices enhance the beauty of the Holy Quran. E-Quran Online School provides online Quran classes for kids, adults, woman and to the people of all ages. It is read by joining the first letter into the Second . Have you ever come across something so simple that you’ve thought it’s too insignificant to consider… or take note of? This IKHFA of MEEM SAAKIN is known as IKHFA-E-SHAFAWEE. • The one who talks more, the more he gets. A letter with a jazam is called Sakin like Baa with Jazam is called Ba Sakin. Previously we noted this rule indirectly, when it occurs with hamzatul wasl (said under “circumstance 3” and on). Buy TAJWEED RULES of QURAN - The Reader’s Guide to the Book of Light – A Comprehensive study of the Rules of Tajweed in English by ABEER AJLOUNI *NEW* 2nd by Abeer Ajlouni (ISBN: 9780646906966) from Amazon's Book Store. Yaa-e-Leen is a YaaSakin which has a Zabar (Fatah) before it Yaa-e-Leen is pronounced fast in a soft tone. Learn Advance Tajweed. That’s it for al-madd al-tamkeen! Students must know majority of the rules of Tajweed. It means to pronounce every letter correctly with all its qualities. The fourth rule for Al-Noon Al-Saakinah described what idghaam is. As with Al-Noon Al-Saakinah, Al-meem Al-saakinah has it’s own Tajweed rules. The Word Tajweed is from the root word “Jawdah” which means “Quality”. The Tajweed Course starts with the correct pronunciation of the Arabic alphabet and moves onto the basic then advanced Tajweed rules equipping them with everything they need to know to be able to recite Qur'an independently InshAllah. Here, it is important to note that madd letters in the Arabic language do not have a diacritic. Many tajweed books nowadays have omitted this madd because of it’s necessity that comes naturally when reciting. these letters are pronounced from three-level of throat. Madd means to stretch. Dua Before Entering the Toilet in English, Urdu and Arabic. … A letter which is free from any Harkat is called a silent letter. Naturally as you pronounce this word, you are sounding this rule, al-madd al-tamkeen. For example: The word Qalb means ``heart``. One should take care of learning tajweed but without being burdensome. There are three Letters of Madd Waaw (و), Alif (ا) and Yaa (ی). This page contains links to various tajweed quizzes made available based on the content presented on the heesbees tajweed site. • Whose tendencies are high, their vitality, Quran is the last book of ALLAH that revealed on Prophet Muhammad (peace be up him). Basic Tajweed Rules Grade 4 Page | 3 Etiquettes of Reading Qur'an 1. Waaw-e-Leen is WaawSakin which has a Zabar (Fatah) before it. • The person who laughs more, the less he gets. Students will learn how to accurately pronounce the Arabic alphabet, will be able to identify and apply the Points of Articulation (Makhaarij al-Huroof), recognise and identify letter joining and will learn the basic rules of Tajweed and its applications. double zabbar double zair and double pais are called tanveen double zair sound is like (unn), An alif like symbol written on top of a letter is called Standing Fataha. It is a sin to touch the Qur'an without wudhu. double zair sound is like (inn) Because meem is a letter pronounced using the lips [1] the rule differs a bit. Advanced Tajweed Rules. After years of development and experience, we have created a comprehensive learning program that will bring you the best Quran teaching classes for adults. Tajweed of the Holy Qur'an is the knowledge and application of the rules of recitation so the reading of the Qur'an is as the Prophet Mohammed peace and … A Hamza on which there is a jazam will be pronounced abruptly/ quickly. Students should have memorised a portion of the Qur’aan, although this is not essential. Example, Tajweed Rules of the Qur'an In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Every single Muslim has to recite Qur'an in Salah but many of us do not realize that reciting the Qur'an correctly, observing the rules of recitation (tajweed) is not an advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon each and every one of us whenever we recite the Qur'an. are. A Muslim has to drive all Islamic rules from the Quran, and their interpretation is found in the saying of the Prophet (SAW). Fathah, Kasra, and Dammah are called Movements/Harkaat. A person in a state of haidh, nifaas or janabat is not allowed to read any verse of the If the hamzatul wasl is dropped, because the word starting with it is connected to the preceding word, then the hamzatul qat’ is sounded as per normal. We do not belong to any particular school of thought or sect. ALLAH has revealed totally of four books on various Prophet. WaawLeen is pronounced quickly in a soft tone. info@jannatalquran.com. it is stretched like a waowmaddah. If after MEEM SAAKIN the latter Baa appears, The MEEM SAAKIN will be pronounced with IKHFA. Dear Parents and respected guardian The rules of tajweed are not obligatory but recommendable. Learning the rules indepth this course provides detailed explanations of Tajweed rules with Arabic terms. Not to talk or play while reading Lesson/Quran. The fourth part of the rules of tajweed concerns the characteristics of the letters. ADVANCED TAJWEED For people who wish to progress from intermediate to advanced we have this course. An 80% minimum has been set as the paas/fail for the quizzes, but remember it’s not always about the numbers… Level One Tajweed Rues Quiz. As the science belongs to the glorious words of Allah Taa’la, we can think of its importance as compared to the other sciences. The first step to build your connection with the Holy Book is proper Recitation, aka Tajweed. By learning basic and Advanced Tajweed rules, a Muslim can understand and recite Quran accurately. Whenever wow sakin comes after dammah This occurs only within a word, as words cannot start with a sukoon. If a MEEM appear after MEEM SAAKIN both MEEM will be incorporated and recited with Ghunna. Examples of where this occurs in the Quran are as follow: As you may have noticed, sometimes it is written as two yaa-s, or sometimes only one yaa is written and the “mini” symbol for the second yaa (the yaa saakinah) is drawn. Level Two Tajweed Rules Quiz. Tajweed of the Holy Qur’an is the knowledge and application of the rules of recitation so the reading of the Qur’an is as the Prophet Mohammed peace and blesings be upon him, recited. As a child, I was always fascinated by magnets: why two ‘south’ or ‘north’ poles would never ever click with one another. If an Alif has a Jazam or any Harkat it is called Hamzah. The word “tajweed” means to improve, make better. – Shaddah [Tajweed Basics: Foundations and More: page 2]. This practice allows you … class duration are 30 minutes like half an hours.from beginning, Farooqi's golden bouquet of sayings Here, the teacher helps you to apply Tajweed’s learned rules to the Qur’an text and to have you read accordingly by applying all the rules. The ruling of reading with Tajweed Muhammad bin Al-Jazaree the great Qur’an and Hadeeth scholar of the 9th Century (Hijri) says in his famous poem, detailing the rules of … added by writing it as described earlier in the rules text file. First Step – Learning Tajweed. This letter will be written but not read. Perform wudhu. 3: Injil revealed. And as with that, there’s a real wisdom behind this rule which prevents two saakin letters from meeting…. Students must be well equipped in the pronunciation of letters. Retaining the sound of meen and noon mushadad for a little while in the nose This rule has been looked at from a number of angles, however it was never formally mentioned on the site. • The more the joke, the less thoughtful and rude the people The letter bearing madd is stretched while reading. enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.
tajweed will not only effect the beauty of the Quran but sometimes it can change the meaning of the Quran. The rule states: if a word ending with a madd letter precedes a word which starts with a sukoon, the madd letter is dropped so as to avoid/prevent two saakin s from meeting; this of course only applies when continuing recitation. This course entails the advance rules of tajweed and for students who have completed Tajweed level 2 course or equivalent. causing a ringing sound , called ghunnah. Look up the shaddah and sukoon on the resources page by following the link below. Every single Muslim has to recite Qur'an in Salah but many of us do not realize that reciting the Qur'an correctly, observing the rules of recitation (tajweed) is not an advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon each and every one of us whenever we recite the Qur'an. What is Tajweed? Read . Let’s observe some of the tajweed rules involved with this hamzah. This letter is read twice with one movement of the tongue. Level Three Tajweed Rules Quiz wow leen. Learn Quran online with us any where in the world via Skype. We are a team of Muslims who are working to spread the message of the Quran (and the Sunnah). Beautify the Holy Quran with your voices, definitely beautiful voices enhance the beauty of the Holy Quran. E-Quran Online School provides online Quran classes for kids, adults, woman and to the people of all ages. It is read by joining the first letter into the Second . Have you ever come across something so simple that you’ve thought it’s too insignificant to consider… or take note of? This IKHFA of MEEM SAAKIN is known as IKHFA-E-SHAFAWEE. • The one who talks more, the more he gets. A letter with a jazam is called Sakin like Baa with Jazam is called Ba Sakin. Previously we noted this rule indirectly, when it occurs with hamzatul wasl (said under “circumstance 3” and on). Buy TAJWEED RULES of QURAN - The Reader’s Guide to the Book of Light – A Comprehensive study of the Rules of Tajweed in English by ABEER AJLOUNI *NEW* 2nd by Abeer Ajlouni (ISBN: 9780646906966) from Amazon's Book Store. Yaa-e-Leen is a YaaSakin which has a Zabar (Fatah) before it Yaa-e-Leen is pronounced fast in a soft tone. Learn Advance Tajweed. That’s it for al-madd al-tamkeen! Students must know majority of the rules of Tajweed. It means to pronounce every letter correctly with all its qualities. The fourth rule for Al-Noon Al-Saakinah described what idghaam is. As with Al-Noon Al-Saakinah, Al-meem Al-saakinah has it’s own Tajweed rules. The Word Tajweed is from the root word “Jawdah” which means “Quality”. The Tajweed Course starts with the correct pronunciation of the Arabic alphabet and moves onto the basic then advanced Tajweed rules equipping them with everything they need to know to be able to recite Qur'an independently InshAllah. Here, it is important to note that madd letters in the Arabic language do not have a diacritic. Many tajweed books nowadays have omitted this madd because of it’s necessity that comes naturally when reciting. these letters are pronounced from three-level of throat. Madd means to stretch. Dua Before Entering the Toilet in English, Urdu and Arabic. … A letter which is free from any Harkat is called a silent letter. Naturally as you pronounce this word, you are sounding this rule, al-madd al-tamkeen. For example: The word Qalb means ``heart``. One should take care of learning tajweed but without being burdensome. There are three Letters of Madd Waaw (و), Alif (ا) and Yaa (ی). This page contains links to various tajweed quizzes made available based on the content presented on the heesbees tajweed site. • Whose tendencies are high, their vitality, Quran is the last book of ALLAH that revealed on Prophet Muhammad (peace be up him). Basic Tajweed Rules Grade 4 Page | 3 Etiquettes of Reading Qur'an 1. Waaw-e-Leen is WaawSakin which has a Zabar (Fatah) before it. • The person who laughs more, the less he gets. Students will learn how to accurately pronounce the Arabic alphabet, will be able to identify and apply the Points of Articulation (Makhaarij al-Huroof), recognise and identify letter joining and will learn the basic rules of Tajweed and its applications. double zabbar double zair and double pais are called tanveen double zair sound is like (unn), An alif like symbol written on top of a letter is called Standing Fataha. It is a sin to touch the Qur'an without wudhu. double zair sound is like (inn) Because meem is a letter pronounced using the lips [1] the rule differs a bit. Advanced Tajweed Rules. After years of development and experience, we have created a comprehensive learning program that will bring you the best Quran teaching classes for adults. Tajweed of the Holy Qur'an is the knowledge and application of the rules of recitation so the reading of the Qur'an is as the Prophet Mohammed peace and … A Hamza on which there is a jazam will be pronounced abruptly/ quickly. Students should have memorised a portion of the Qur’aan, although this is not essential. Example, Tajweed Rules of the Qur'an In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Every single Muslim has to recite Qur'an in Salah but many of us do not realize that reciting the Qur'an correctly, observing the rules of recitation (tajweed) is not an advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon each and every one of us whenever we recite the Qur'an. are. A Muslim has to drive all Islamic rules from the Quran, and their interpretation is found in the saying of the Prophet (SAW). Fathah, Kasra, and Dammah are called Movements/Harkaat. A person in a state of haidh, nifaas or janabat is not allowed to read any verse of the If the hamzatul wasl is dropped, because the word starting with it is connected to the preceding word, then the hamzatul qat’ is sounded as per normal. We do not belong to any particular school of thought or sect. ALLAH has revealed totally of four books on various Prophet. WaawLeen is pronounced quickly in a soft tone. info@jannatalquran.com. it is stretched like a waowmaddah. If after MEEM SAAKIN the latter Baa appears, The MEEM SAAKIN will be pronounced with IKHFA. Dear Parents and respected guardian The rules of tajweed are not obligatory but recommendable. Learning the rules indepth this course provides detailed explanations of Tajweed rules with Arabic terms. Not to talk or play while reading Lesson/Quran. The fourth part of the rules of tajweed concerns the characteristics of the letters. ADVANCED TAJWEED For people who wish to progress from intermediate to advanced we have this course. An 80% minimum has been set as the paas/fail for the quizzes, but remember it’s not always about the numbers… Level One Tajweed Rues Quiz. As the science belongs to the glorious words of Allah Taa’la, we can think of its importance as compared to the other sciences. The first step to build your connection with the Holy Book is proper Recitation, aka Tajweed. By learning basic and Advanced Tajweed rules, a Muslim can understand and recite Quran accurately. Whenever wow sakin comes after dammah This occurs only within a word, as words cannot start with a sukoon. If a MEEM appear after MEEM SAAKIN both MEEM will be incorporated and recited with Ghunna. Examples of where this occurs in the Quran are as follow: As you may have noticed, sometimes it is written as two yaa-s, or sometimes only one yaa is written and the “mini” symbol for the second yaa (the yaa saakinah) is drawn. Level Two Tajweed Rules Quiz. Tajweed of the Holy Qur’an is the knowledge and application of the rules of recitation so the reading of the Qur’an is as the Prophet Mohammed peace and blesings be upon him, recited. As a child, I was always fascinated by magnets: why two ‘south’ or ‘north’ poles would never ever click with one another. If an Alif has a Jazam or any Harkat it is called Hamzah. The word “tajweed” means to improve, make better. – Shaddah [Tajweed Basics: Foundations and More: page 2]. This practice allows you … class duration are 30 minutes like half an hours.from beginning, Farooqi's golden bouquet of sayings Here, the teacher helps you to apply Tajweed’s learned rules to the Qur’an text and to have you read accordingly by applying all the rules. The ruling of reading with Tajweed Muhammad bin Al-Jazaree the great Qur’an and Hadeeth scholar of the 9th Century (Hijri) says in his famous poem, detailing the rules of … added by writing it as described earlier in the rules text file. First Step – Learning Tajweed. This letter will be written but not read. Perform wudhu. 3: Injil revealed. And as with that, there’s a real wisdom behind this rule which prevents two saakin letters from meeting…. Students must be well equipped in the pronunciation of letters. Retaining the sound of meen and noon mushadad for a little while in the nose This rule has been looked at from a number of angles, however it was never formally mentioned on the site. • The more the joke, the less thoughtful and rude the people The letter bearing madd is stretched while reading. enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.